Heterotopias

Abstract

GMH is a rather common condition of neuronal migration disorders. GMH is associated with seizures and epilepsy, and may cause intellectual disabilities and developmental delay, causing a huge impact on normal childhood development. Even though previous studies have identified genetic and epigenetic risk factors associated with the development of GMH, the actual mechanism causing GMH remains unclear. The severity of the clinical presentation and prognosis of GMH depends on the type, size, and location. Therefore, defining the type and extent of GMH is useful in outlining the management and predicting patients’ prognosis and outcome. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.