Construction and validation of the perceptions of AI usage scale in a foreign language learning context

Abstract

The potential benefits of AI usage in EFL learning are directly related to how learners perceive AI as a language learning tool and environment. However, no studies have focused on constructing and validating a scale that aims to measure language learners' perceptions of AI usage. The current study aims to develop a valid and reliable scale of learners' perceptions of AI usage in EFL learning. The sampling of the study consisted of 26 students in the interview group, eight in the piloting phase, 525 participants in the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) stage, 383 in the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) group, and 86 students in the test-retest reliability group. The study concluded that the Perceptions of AI Usage Scale (PAS), consisting of 17 items, obtained a high level of reliability, a two-factor solution, and a high level of test-retest reliability. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.