Predication in 'Ali al-Qushji: One and Many

Abstract

This paper examines the relationship between the fundamental metaphysical concept of unity (wahda) and the predication schema. The latter posits that a categorical proposition requires the subject and predicate to be identical in one respect and distinct in another, as treated by 'Ali al-Qushji (d. 879/1474) in the kalam commentary titled Shar. al-Tajrid al-'Aqa'id. This schema, drawn from the works of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 606/1210), was later integrated into Tajrid al-i.tiqad by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (d. 672/1274), and subsequently became part of the discourse in philosophical kalam texts, particularly in the commentaries on Tajrid al-i'tiqad. Commentaries present a variety of distinct approaches to grounding the above schema within the discussion of haml (predication). Curiously, the same schema is also addressed in an entirely different context, sc., in the section on unity-multiplicity (wahda-kathra) in Sharh al-Tajrid al-'Aqa'id. In the haml section, kalam scholars frequently argued that the subject term and predicate term of a categorical proposition must be unified in one respect and distinct in another. In the section on unity and multiplicity, however, it was more common for kalam scholars to posit that entities described as both 'one' and 'many' must be 'one' in one respect, but 'many' in yet another respect. In short, unity and multiplicity are addressed within two distinct contexts: one pertaining to logic and the other to metaphysics. By analyzing Qushji's commentary, this paper seeks to underscore the intersection between the concepts of unity and multiplicity and the metaphysical foundations of predication in categorical propositions-an area that has not yet received sustained scholarly attention. By demonstrating how logical structures are rooted in their metaphysical foundations, the paper emphasizes the importance of examining logical concepts, such as categorical propositions, alongside metaphysical concepts like unity and multiplicity.