The relationship between elite structure, privatization and regime type in Central Asia: varieties and degrees of authoritarianism in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan

Abstract

This article compares Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan, with the aim of understanding why Kyrgyzstan exhibits a lower degree of authoritarianism than the others. It argues that differences in elite structure and economic policies, particularly privatization, significantly influence the level of authoritarianism. Kyrgyzstan's post-independence transition to a market economy fostered the emergence of numerous new entrepreneurs, diversifying and fragmenting the elite structure as various groups vied for political influence. Kazakhstan initially followed similar market-oriented policies, later economic resources eventually became concentrated under the control of the ruling elite, leading to a shift towards greater authoritarianism. Kyrgyzstan is characterized by a 'fragmented patronal authoritarianism' in which political and economic power is dispersed among multiple actors and their clients. Kazakhstan features a 'mediator-patronal authoritarianism', with a powerful president who mediates between various networks. Tajikistan has resulted in an 'established' patronal authoritarian regime under President Emomali Rahmon, who consolidated his power by eliminating opponents and centralizing economic and political authority.