Effects of valproic acid and levetiracetam monotherapy on carotid intima-media and epicardial adipose tissue thickness in non-obese children with epilepsy

Abstract

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the risk of subclinical atherosclerosis independent from obesity and high blood lipid levels in pediatric patients with idiopathic epilepsy receiving valproic acid or levetiracetam monotherapy by evaluating carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and Epicardial adipose tissue thickness (EATT). Methods: A total of 75 patients (38 males, 37 females; mean age 127.2 +/- 37.9 months) with epilepsy receiving either valproic acid or levetiracetam monotherapy for more than 12 months (Epilepsy Group) and 75 sex, age, body mass index (BMI) matched healthy children (40 males, 35 females; mean age 133.8 +/- 38.7 months) (Control Group) were included in the study. The mean duration of therapy was 27.6 +/- 10.5 months. Serum lipid levels (total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein) and CIMT-EATT of the patients and controls were assessed. Also, epilepsy group were divided according to antiepileptic drugs (valproic acid group and levetiracetam group). Results: The CIMT was determined as 0.6 +/- 0.08 mm in epilepsy group and 0.49 +/- 0.15 mm in control group (p < 0.001). The EATT was measured as 5.96 +/- 0.8 mm in epilepsy group and 3.7 +/- 0.5 mm in control group (p < 0.001). Of epileptic patients, 45 were using valproic acid monotherapy and 30 were on levetiracetam monotherapy. There was no significant difference in terms of CIMT between valproic acid and levetiracetam groups (0.61 +/- 0.09 mm vs. 0.57 +/- 0.07 mm; p = 0.07). EATT measurements were significantly higher in valproic acid group compared to levetiracetam group (6.14 +/- 0.8 mm vs. 5.7 +/- 0.7 mm; p = 0.02). CIMT and EATT values were not associated with the dosage and duration of each antiepileptic drug. Conclusion: Non-obese children with epilepsy receiving valproic acid or levetiracetam monotherapy might have an increased risk for developing subclinical atherosclerosis despite normal lipid levels. The effect of valproic acid was more evident especially on EATT. (C) 2019 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.